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Research Proposal
Human Resources in Management
Solving different problems scientists and politicians try to
analyze the reasons of them but often struggle against sequences, want to take
them away but often in vain. Our society is a fortuity chaotic organization of
people. The government tries to regulate the situation by some restrictions by
means of laws. But it is not considered the internal organization of mental
structure of every person and organization of the society as a whole unit
consists of people. There are artificially made systems in organizations on the
rule of monocracy. The roots of problems are in ignoring of nature of every
person, his potential, because there are people who make this or that process
and everything depends on their mind. Harmonization of society will be only
after the harmonization of each member of it and full use of his potential in a
sphere where he is competent and after inculcating the new form of it
organization, based on natural laws of interpersonal interplay. We propose the
new form of organization of any formation of people beginning from family up to
state on the basis of using the nature laws, which discovers socionics.
- Research goals are:
1. Show practical discoveries on the basis of
science socionics;
2. Teach socionics and practical skills in definition of
socionic personality types;
3. Normalize the workgroups and increase their effectiveness
by socion organization of them;
3. Give the Program of Scientific Selection of Staff;
4. Put forward proposals how avoid unemployment;
5. Give knowledge of new forms of governing;
6. Improve the psychological and physical health through the
knowledge of inner potential of person and dyalization;
7. Give socionic services (characteristics: brief and full,
extended description of professional abilities, description of relationships and
it correction, description of the innate talents of a child and recommendations
for education, how to affirm oneself in life).
8. Investigate the readiness of your society to use
practical socionics and consequence result of it.
There is a new science socionics, which can give reasons in
solving problems concerning each person, group of people and society as a whole.
Socionics was born on scientific materials of the famous
psychologists of the ÕÕ-th century Z.Freid and K.G.Jung who established that
people differ in definite mental qualities which are legiblly observed in life,
and they can precisely be assorted. So the typology of Ê.G.Jung has appeared.
Why are there psychological types of the people? What regularities are caused to
their existence? The Lithuanian scholar Àushra Àugustinavichute has found the
answers on these questions. She has elaborated the structure of mentality of the
person on the basis of structuring of Z.Freid. In United States and other
countries the Typology of Yung is used to solve some problems. But socionics has
more possibilities because it can predict the relationships with people of definite
personality types; so on basis of it is possible to organize such workgroups
where people will do work suitable to their inherent abilities and to complete
effective conflict-free teams. A person has the need to feel himself
significant, to have connections with other people and to perceive an enclosing
world with understanding. On the basis of this need appears a science socionics,
which uncovers objective mental structure of a person and determines his natural
possibilities, instead of acquiring social features. It also demonstrates, as
there is a public progress by means of organization of society in a socion.
Everything that there is in our life is a result of internal mental activity.
And the better we know the others and ourselves the more easily we orient in any
circumstances of life.
Socionics has opened, that the mentality is incomplete like a
half: the person is sure and strong only in definite things, but he is weak and
defenseless in others ones. Therefore he feels necessity in satiation of weak,
alarming features. Everybody determine such qualities in the others, which they
can not find in themselves. On natural regularities of interplay between the
people there are 16 resistant methods of information exchange, which are
instituted by the mentally information genetic code (socionic personality type).
Thus, socionics demonstrates integrity of the person, his individuality, gives unprecedented hitherto possibilities of a solution of
problems in communion with the others, forecasting relationships between people. It
helps to decide each personal problems. It uncovers dual human nature, tenders a
scientific society's organization under the laws of information interplay. It is
a science about the socion – the organization of public groups into dyads and
kvadras, about socion human nature, about structure and function of mentality as
information gearing, about different socionic personality types and objective
relationships.
Socionics determines reasons of these or those reactions,
motives of acts due to synthesizing of internal qualities of a person, has a possibility to envision events and to escape undesirable
cases, demonstrates the essence of a person, show what to do hereinafter, what
relationships can expect in definite cases and to what kind of relationships it is
necessary to aspire, how to behave in offensive or extreme situations, how to
orient correctly at life choices, you see the quality of our life depends an
accuracy of each choice. Socionics allows to understand better the mental nature
of the personality, person's calling and to know certainly, on what he is
capable, thereby not only discovering, but also correcting relationships between
people, teaches to live conflict-free, in the consent with ourselves and world,
having made the life and work the most productive. Reviving each personality,
giving the self-confidence, socionics promotes the people to reinforcing of
country, stabilizing of its life practically in all spheres, and it also allows
to look in a new fashion at the already known historical facts and even to
forecast some public processes.
The psychology and sociology determine consequences of
things, which have already taken place, and analyze what was made abnormally,
what would better not to do at all. Socionics can reveal the reasons and gives
unprecedented hitherto possibilities of a solution of problems of every person
and society.
At the given stage the society exists as a socium, with
random, casual organization of people in families and in large groups. Socion is
a legible natural society's organization due to objective links between the
people, who know their socionic personality types and who are orientated
concerning own possibilities and occupy the applicable place in society.
Following to the laws of the nature the people can organize themselves in socion
due to natural regularity. “The progress of society is directly proportional
to degree of it socionity” (A.Àugustinavichute). It is necessary to give the
realization to a new generation the necessity for everybody to know the definite
place in society and the necessity to organize our society to harmonic socion.
Usage of socionics enables to solve problems and to satisfy
needs, to reach harmony.
In the Ukraine we have done a research-inculcating work with
some organizations, among them are: Joint-Stock-Company
“Ukraine-Holding-Leasing”, Phthisis Dispensary, school #304. There were
defined socionic personality types of head and employers, made the correction of
relationships and given recommendations for effective work and interplay. At
school there were defined personality types of pupils and teachers, given
characteristics, revealed interpersonal relationships and given recommendation for
their correction. There was made an experiment: one class group was staffed due
to the kvadra law and was chosen the class principal, who had a socionic
personality type of leader of that kvadra.
- This work makes able to:
1. Open individuality and to route to a particular kind of
activity in any profession.
2. Open regularities of relations for harmonic interplay with
others.
3. Choose friends, partners for business or for marriage.
4. Improve effectiveness while following the natural law of
socion organization of group.
4. Enter the Socionic Database for choose a job, looking for duals and other people of definite socionic
personality type.
Having determined the mentally information genetic code (the
socionic personality type) it is possible to:
- Learn ourselves through disclosure of an inherent
potential, individuality; to exhibit the qualities of nature, capacity,
possibilities, talents, calling etc;
- Estimate objectively the strong and weak features;
- Develop the personality;
- Get rid of complexes of inferiority and imaginary fears
and, accordingly, limitations;
- Be self-assured and to have an own stand;
- Defend own concerns;
- Act conscientiously and estimate objectively the behavior;
- Choose a comfortable surrounding: the friends, familiars,
partners;
- Foresee relationships;
- Make a harmony family;
- Choose a trade correctly according to natural capacities;
- Achieve success.
In public life the usage of the laws of socionics results in:
- Self-advancing of each personality and realization it in
society;
- The improving of the culture of communication, respect for
the person;
- Deliverance from slavish dependence in behavior and
expression of own thoughts;
- Avoidance of psychosomatic illnesses;
- Solution of a problem of difficult children;
- Warning of crimes;
- Fostering a solution of a problem of the narcotics and drug
addiction;
- Creation of effective comfortable teams;
- Legible organization of the work market;
- Creation of happy families and their reinforcing;
- Reducing of an amount of divorces.
In business sphere
The socionic regularity operates in all lines of business.
Using them, it is possible to organize comfortable working groups, to predict
relationships in them. Then the energy will be saved and direct to productivity
of labor: the harmonious teams will execute the problems quietly, best of all
and with the least expenditures.
For example, the businessman, knowing about a socionic
personality type, gives advertising on looking for the worker of a definite
profession and points in request a personality type. Thereby this businessman
increases the chances to find the true professional and also chances of further
progressing of the company. By the way, it is necessary also to pay attention on
whether the candidate for a job has the dual family, as only in that case the
person can wholly realize himself.
In a definite line of business the definite type of the
personality is required. To be competitive capable it is not enough to have high
proficiency; it is necessary to be the best of the better ones. And it is possible to
achieve it only then, when the person do the work which fits his natural
capacities. You see that without capacities it is impossible to achieve the real
proficiency.
Such selection will give such results for the worker:
- Interest and inspiration in work;
- To do the work operatively and skilful;
- The economy of power: the energy is saved and creates the
favorable, harmonic state;
- Heyday and growth of the personality: at implementation of
pleasant operation the person becomes more competent, highly professional,
develops quickly;
- Raising of an internal organization.
The principal or manager can receive such knowledge:
1. How to use business qualities of the worker.
3. Description of mental and physical possibilities of the
person.
4. How to reorganize workgroups or to stage new ones which
can be effective and conflict-free.
5. Prediction and removal of the conflictings in workgroups
by means of disclosure of objective interpersonal relationships and their
correction.
6. Whom to select on the managing position.
7. On what aspect of activity to route the worker at a
training for a new profession.
8. Eliciting prospect for the development of the company
through possibilities of the workers.
There is a tendency at the offer of vacancy to give
advantages to those challengers on the given professions, who have greater
experience. It is correct in case if the person is engaged in his own matter.
The practice shows that at omission of this condition workers have the
professional fatigue, indifference, conservatism, trying to act with old
methods.
Using the possibilities of socionics principal or the
businessman can operate not only by laws of business, they will have also the
knowledge of mentality of the person and will certainly know for whether this or
that worker can do perfectly his task or not. By the way, the managers in
America affirm that often people, who search for job, put into the questionnaire
some letters (for example – ISTP), which characterize their personality
type. Thus, the type definition becomes one of yardsticks of a provision of
employment, announcements about reception in college or personal declarations.
The success of matter depends not only on professionalism of
the separate workers, but also on harmonious acts of all command of the company.
Japan therefore has made a prompt step forward in economical progressing, that
there is the great significance to harmonious acts of all team, as against the
American individualized style of business, where each separate worker does only
his own task.
The success can be achieved due to join of two styles, that
is allowing individual possibilities of the separate workers and arranging
productive amicable comfortable groups, where accept the ideas of each member,
irrespective of a rank matter.
So, to improve the quality in work it is necessary to know
socionic personality types of the workers. Principals worth to route the people
to the specialists for definition them. It is necessary to organize teaching
socionics and granting practical skills in defining a socionic personality type
by methods of audio-visual diagnostic, because typology tests (Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator or others) does not work. You see the false determination of socionic
personality type will shatter the all structure: all work will be in vain, there
will be disorder in a team and there will be the awful consequences to a mental
health of a person.
Organization of effective conflict-free workgroups can be
done using the laws of socionics.
The person is internally organized, therefore tends also to
organization of the surrounding. The ground of organization is a system, form of
government, law and potential of a person.
Knowledge and consideration the potential of a person is the
fundamental principle and primary task, and others three result from it. Up to
nowadays the potential of a person was ignored. Psychologists in U.S. try to
consider the possibilities of a person but make errors because they have not
synthesis in knowledge of a mental structure of a person. They knowledge are
based on Yung’s work on psychological types which does not give a key to the
essence of mentality. The conclusion of existence of 16 psychological types was
made according to observations and there are descriptions of every type.
Analyzing these characteristics psychologist make approximate conclusions about
kinds of activities which are fit to this or that person. Socionics is an exact
science and having described a model of mentality reveals the inborn potential
and shows with accuracy to what kinds of activity each person of definite
socionic personality type fits. If every person sets his own place in team there
will be a right structure. Any organization exists when it rules by the law of
connections. Socionics has discovered such connection among people. There is a
law of interpersonal interplay based on the rule of mental complementing. If
there will be considered these two laws (the regular structure of mentality and
the law of interpersonal interplay) it will be possible to form the organization
which is able to function and fulfil all tasks.
The people are organized in groups for reaching common
purposes. They make a plan for successive deeds. Such action is a system. But
system is not an organization. The solving problem by means of a system is
impossible. Hence there are a great amount of different problems in all areas of
activity. It is not always possible to reach the aim, as two powerful factors
are skipped, such as usage of a potential of each person, and using the law,
which is set by a synthetic way, without consideration of natural regularities.
Nowadays there is a tendency to solve the social problems by
means of regulation of government. It is known that without governing any
organization is impossible. But the real governing must be natural. It must be
organized not for purposes of power (for self-enrichment) or of control in
keeping existing laws. The laws are also imperfect. Hence, the problems are
trying to solve by “improving” laws. But as these laws has artificial basis
it is possible only to change them but impossible to improve. Knowing the laws
of a dual nature of a human being and of socion organization of society we propose to create any form of organization beginning from family up to nation
considering all spheres of activity, which will be dynamic, capable to act
effectively in any situation. Three main aspects are described above. The forth
aspect is a form of governing without which three previous are incapable. The
governing of any large organization must consist of 16 competent people which
have all set of socionic personality types. The president has authority to
analyze the tasks, choose the leader and control his work. According to the aim
and tasks for reaching it in every concrete case there must be chosen one of the
16 guidance member to lead such groups, who is the most capable to fulfil these
tasks in accordance with his strong mental qualities. Such person is chosen
faultless because it is taken into account his potential. Variations of aims and
tasks result in variation in choose this or that leader.
As for small groups, all members of it must fulfil such
tasks, which they capable to do, i.e. do such work, where they are good in
because it conform their strong mental qualities. Of course there must be a
leader, who is competent in matter, responsible, can program and direct the
work, knowing the potential of each member and use his or her abilities in the
best way. Such person can be found among people of four definite socionic
personality types, who are the leaders of kvadra. It will be good to have the
dual or activator to help and to make the guidance more effective. If the group
consists of two members, there must be mutual understanding and mutual help,
coordinated interactions, which is possible only between duals – a mental
complementary people.
The demand of society influence on a person. And amount of a
person's creativity and realization of his potential depends on demand of
society. It happens, society demands more than person can give or on the
contrary, the realization of his potential is less, than it can be. It is the
first reasons of conflict. The other reason arises at mismatch of nature of the
person with nature of a trade; the third one is in inconsistent of the interplay
in group, because the regularities of information exchange are not considered.
In the nature this mismatch is resolved, is noticed by the person and is
scientifically justified.
If we would pay attention to a person as to the basic
instrument for reaching the improvement of the quality and effectiveness of work
in workgroup we'll get rid of conflicts. The team will be conflict-free at
definite selection of personnel in groups by the kvadra principle with taking
into account natures of the people and relationships between them, that results in
the most effective method of interplay and in high quality of fulfilling the
tasks. The amount of the people in kvadra can be more than four, but there must
be available people of all 4 definite socionic personality types. Each of them
should fulfil the tasks depending on their abilities, which fit both their assigning
and kind of operation, and in that case people will discharge their duties best of
all.
The statistician testifies that practically the workers of
staff departments or the managers select the people who are similar to them by
their socionic personality types. Naturally, among such people there is an easy
mutual understanding but such command is conservative and impossible to
progress, for decides miscellaneous problems, which arise during production only
one-sided, and some problems because of boundary of possibilities can not solve
at all.
If there were workers of all 16 socionic personality types in
definite organization according to the laws of mental compatibility and social
directivity in a team such team will work productively, will react quickly and
well accommodate for the new facts and demands of the time, will competitive
capable.
The person is semi-self-sustained entity as he is only a part
of society, introducing in socium his own representation of an actuality. The
mentality of the person has 16 different methods of information processing, and
each the separate person has only one of them. One method of information
processing is unproductive. Force of mankind is in different types of mentality,
in available of 16 socionic personality types, which organize a uniform system.
Therefore the intellect of the separate person is only 1/16 of intellect of
whole society. And a total unit is socion, groups of people, among whom there
are persons of all 16 types. Socion is not only 16 definite types of intellect,
but also 16 types of relationships, which are organized on the basis of objective
exchange of information. It results in legible organization of mankind, in the
development of the culture of communication and in social progress.
The people in socion are united in complementing couples:
dyads, that give valuable realization of a potential of the person. Such dyads
are 8.
- The essence of socion nature of a man exhibits:
- 1) In an invariance of the person's world disposition and
persistence of a socionic personality type;
- 2) In regularity of relationships (information interchanging).
The existence of a person as social entity requires
interaction between the definite socionic personality types. In order such
interaction to be successful it is necessary to know, with people of what
personality types the harmonic relationships can be. There is only one harmonic
relationship among 16 types of ones, which is called dual (complementing). It is
impossible to be in a constant state of hoisting that includes activity,
pleasure and balance without dual interplay.
The more people who are necessary for our mentality we have
the deeper is our feeling of significance. The people of definite socionic
personality types who are close in spirit make one kvadra. In socion there are 4
of them. Those who has a surrounding of the people from his kvadra has more
possibilities to achieve success.
- Each of 4 kvadra has their own style of activity and function
in society and their own values:
- 1-st kvadra. The people who belong to the first kvadra are
named programmators: they are the visionaries and theorists, who are capable to
innovation, birth of absolutely new ideas, defend everything new. They can
deeply absorbed in the mysteries of nature, they are engaged in propagation of
some more unknowns of knowledge, defend everything new with revolutionary
fervor.
- Their values are: perspective possibilities, generation of new
ideas, physical comfort, joyful emotions, theoretical constructing, abstract
logic, freethinking, revolutionarity, denial of conventional values, priority of
the personality before the state.
- 2-nd kvadra. People of the second kvadra are named
coordinators: these are practicians, who know how to act quickly and resolutely,
are capable to deposit new things to society, to realize all new ideas, have a
strong-willed, vigorous potential, do not stop before encumbrances on their way.
They know how to defend the human right, feel time and how it influences on a
person and on the contrary.
- Their values are: the particular logic, strong-willed methods,
rigid order, drama emotions, priority of the states above the personality.
- 3-d kvadra. People of the third kvadra are named correctors:
it is the sceptics, the adventurers, who are acute see deficiencies, expose
everything to criticism, check up and disclaim impractical, release society from
waste, but do not know what hereinafter to do in order to finish the product.
They go on concessions skillfully and diplomatically, but thus keep the stands,
feel as time influences on a substance and on the contrary.
- Their values are: extreme thinking, scepticism, enterprise,
flexibility, dynamism, pragmatism, and orientation to today, breaking down of
impractical systems.
- 4-th kvadra. These people are practicians: they are the
technologists, the aesthetes, who know what means perfection, implant practical
things in life, demonstrate integrity of comfortable, harmonic relations,
regularities of natural processes. They create stability, grant a sense of
security.
Their values are: quality and aesthetics, honest transactions,
human capacities and talents, morals, love, nearing to true, following to the
laws of the nature.
There is also inner kvadra's specialization. The person of
definite socionic personality type such as in anyone kvadra does his own tasks.
In each kvadra there is a programmator, a coordinator, a corrector, a practician.
The programmator is a leader who generates ideas, gives directions of their
realization and task to other members of kvadra. The coordinator organizes,
improves intercommunications in group, increases their quality and reliability,
samples and demonstrates viable ideas. The corrector disclaims superfluous,
adjusts and grinds introduced ideas, gathers, completes and distributes the
information. Practicians perfect and prepare for realization the created
product.
The social progress takes place by series transmission of
social important tasks from one kvadra to the other. The scientific society's
organization under the laws of socionics will enable to solve public, economical
and political problems, and some of them will naturally disappear.
At the present stage of development the mankind has appeared
before a problem of life, which shows that a result of evolution of mankind is a
total crisis of existence, which concerns both internal world and environment.
The people despite all progressing of medicine can not save of illnesses, and
such fatal illnesses, as cancer and aids have appeared rather recently. The
reasons of these deseases are in mental disorder. The consumer psychology
shatters not only nature, it shatters the personality, cultivating such
qualities, as greed and aggressiveness, person becomes bore of live, he loses
thirst for life and its sense. It is known that process of sufficing of material
needs is infinite, therefore, how many the person would gain, he can not be
satisfied, becoming keen on process of consumption, he appears before a face of
internal emptiness and disappointment, that results in aggression out:
criminality, or internal aggression: depressions, suicides.
These negative emotions appear subconsciously in incompatible
relationships. The absence of understanding course the soul pain, mentality bears a
grudge, and person isolates, transfer the offence on everybody. It is not the
guilt of people; it is their ignorance of laws of mental complementing.
Therefore, we are in an epicenter of crisis of the modern
person, and we have in a reserve not so much time, but there is a real
possibility, and person has force to affirm himself anew and to convert
technological society, which cultivates and stimulates psychology of the
consumer on human society with psychology of a productive work, where the person
will realize his potential, returning himself to favorite job, becomes active,
happy, having inspiration and thirst for life, will feel the master of own
destiny, free in an own choice. Having healthy spirit, he will have a healthy
body. Dual couples will have harmony in their relationships and spread positive
emotions on the others. The progress of society depends on quantity of dual couples
and socion organization of it.
These positive changes will hold at an observance of the laws
of socionics, which enable the person to elect the occupation, to make dual
family due to the laws of mental compatibility. The conflict-free family and
conflict-free life will lead to harmony of an internal world, to reasonable
consumption, the wearisome rapid motion for material assets will vanish, there
will be a necessity in progressing and heyday of spiritual sphere. And the
person will cherish both internal world and surrounding. The mentality becomes
healthy and the nature will improved.
Every person has the need to live a happy life and work
productively. This also influences the development of the whole society, as if
people can solve their own problems, they also can solve more global problems. It
will also be possible to solve such problems as depression, aggressiveness,
greed, feeling of inner emptiness, which can lead to crime or suicide.
There is a law "of “mirror": the more positive
emotions and thoughts we have the more we give ourselves up to the others, the better
realize ourselves the more good, happiness and health we will have get from positive space energy. There is also
a law of a boomerang: All negative emotions,
which we exude, come back to us twice the strength. However, it is not the
people’s fault that they have these negative emotions, as the reason for this
is misunderstanding because of uncomfortable relationships. Only complementary
relationships can stimulate positive emotions, harmony, inner peace and
self-confidence. Life without conflicts will lead to inner harmony, and this
will improve mental health as well as the environment, reduce illnesses.
Therefore, the more love we give the more it blossoms in our
soul. The more good we bear to a world, the more kindly and calm we become. The
more intensive we realize ourselves in productive and useful work the more our
talents are blossom, and we receive inexpressible satisfaction from pleasure of
creativity.
Thus total evil will change naturally on total kindness, all
processes in a world will be transformed: will come from destructive to
life-asserting ones, and the mankind will make a step to the Golden century.
Transferring to the Golden century is objective process in the nature, and we
bear the full responsibility for it realization. To do this, it is necessary to
change the society from democratic to scientifically organized one. As Cherchill
once mentioned, “Democracy is not the best way of social
organization, but we don’t know a better one”. The alternative is the
socionics, which discovered the idea of “socion”, scientifically organized
society according to natural laws of interpersonal relationships. The time comes
to move from ignoring natural laws to complying with them to live in harmony
with ourselves and the world.
If this idea is not realized, it will be soon forgotten and
thus the quality information exchange will be slowed down and personal
development will lack the appropriate quality. It is already known that there
are a lot of new technologies, which are not widely realized, and it is the
society who suffers most.
Such researchers are necessary in sanitation of economy and
social life and it is a critical need to advance them, but Ukraine is so poor
and conservative, has so many economic problems, that it is almost impossible to
establish them here. The Western countries are progressive and it is known that
most of new ideas and know-how come to life there.
We will interest businessmen through informational letters
and make a seminar. During the seminars there will be appeared people who want
us to work with their organization. We will investigate the team, reveal the
accordance of every worker to his occupation and relationships within a group.
We will
show how correctly the staff is arranged and discover the reasons of successes
or failures. Besides this we will deliver lectures and organize the faculties in
studying socionics and granting practical skills in defining socionic
personality types to make real specialists.These faculties will continue
work under our program and we will maintain connections and offer help in
studying and preparing experts-socionics after we will have left your country for
Ukraine.
Principals and managers of personnel using a Program of
Scientific Selection of Staff will choose workers whose inherent abilities
will fit their work and full realized, form compatible and as a result a
conflict-free effective workgroups. It will lead to sanitation of economy and
harmonization of society.
People need new knowledge and know-how to survive in such
crisis times and it is high time to introduce them. We are a patriots and we want
the Ukraine to be known in the world not as a poor, full of problem country but
as the high-developed harmonized society. We want to help Ukraine to come to new,
progressing and quality stage of development, to make life of people of every
country more harmonious, happy and interesting.
It is a high time to spread these knowledge and know-hows.
Time does not wait.
From 1994 we try to convince different organizations and
government in use of socionic know-how but it costs great efforts to shatter our
stagnant, bureaucratic, conservative system. We can work for progress and
know what to do and how to do. We strive for wide activity with great results.
We hope our efforts will give all possibilities to realize our aims.
Defining the socionic personality types of everybody who will
wish it we will wide the Ukrainian Socionic Database for profit of your country
in looking for partners for life and business.
Having new practice and new image we hope the matter of our life will spread faster in the Ukraine and
we will can do our matter without
obstacles and make our own contribution to make our country reach higher level of
development.
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